This open access book provides a comprehensive analysis of China’s semiconductor industry, focusing on industrial security, supply chain resilience, and the strategic optimization of industrial layouts. It examines the evolution of national policies, evaluates the security level of the industry chain through multidimensional indicators, and explores vulnerabilities across upstream, midstream, and downstream segments. Subsequent chapters investigate the impacts of global competition, technological dependence, and geopolitical tensions on China’s semiconductor development, while also assessing regional differences and innovation capacity. The book concludes with strategies for strengthening resilience, enhancing international collaboration and competition, and promoting sustainable industrial growth. By integrating empirical evidence with policy insights, it offers valuable guidance for scholars, policymakers, and industry practitioners concerned with China’s 15th Five-Year Plan, supply chain security, and the future of global technology governance.